2008/11/05 18:45,
注：本文找不到实际原出处。
良好的阅读习惯实际上是一个整体，它由许多具体的习惯组成。要养成良好的阅读习惯，就要从一个个具体的阅读习惯做起。
一、明确阅读目的
美国著名学者诺·波特指出：“谈到读书，首先应该明确目的。对读书的目的认识得越清楚，读书的信心就越坚定持久。”明确目的实在是阅读的第一要事。目的明确了，不仅给阅读增强了动力，也给计划的制定、读物的选择、方法的选定等一系列问题找到了根据，找到了出发点。这个习惯一旦养成，必将大大有利于阅读效率的提高。
二、精选读物
阅读研究专家波瓦尔宁在其《应当怎样读书》中特别制定了“自学者选书守则”，共有以下五种：
1.读得少些，但要好些。
2.读必读之书，即使没有兴趣的也要读。
3.读能够找到的最好的书。
4.读不容易的和不太难的书。
5.按照一定的阅读计划读. 这样读书，就不会因胡乱泛览而浪费精力，也不会因为读了不必读的书而耗费时间，更不会读那些坏书而使身心受损。
良好的阅读习惯实际上是一个整体，它由许多具体的习惯组成。要养成良好的阅读习惯，就要从一个个具体的阅读习惯做起。
一、明确阅读目的
美国著名学者诺·波特指出：“谈到读书，首先应该明确目的。对读书的目的认识得越清楚，读书的信心就越坚定持久。”明确目的实在是阅读的第一要事。目的明确了，不仅给阅读增强了动力，也给计划的制定、读物的选择、方法的选定等一系列问题找到了根据，找到了出发点。这个习惯一旦养成，必将大大有利于阅读效率的提高。
二、精选读物
阅读研究专家波瓦尔宁在其《应当怎样读书》中特别制定了“自学者选书守则”，共有以下五种：
1.读得少些，但要好些。
2.读必读之书，即使没有兴趣的也要读。
3.读能够找到的最好的书。
4.读不容易的和不太难的书。
5.按照一定的阅读计划读. 这样读书，就不会因胡乱泛览而浪费精力，也不会因为读了不必读的书而耗费时间，更不会读那些坏书而使身心受损。
记得还是我上高一的时候，第一次使用windows操作系统，第一次使用打印机，打印出来的第一篇文章，就是《青春》。当时很激动，也不知道为什么，可能是因为太喜欢这篇文章了吧。
时隔十年，再次与这篇文章相遇。这是这次相遇是我特地安排的，我从网上搜到了它，然后又一次贴在自己blog上。
正文开始：
Youth （Samuel Ullman）
Youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind ; it is not rosy cheeks , red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the emotions : it is the freshness ; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life .
Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 . Nobody grows old merely by a number of years . We grow old by deserting our ideals.
Years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul . Worry , fear , self ?distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust .
Whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being ‘s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living . In the center of your heart and my heart there’s a wireless station : so long as it receives messages of beauty , hope ,cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young .
When the aerials are down , and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old ,even at 20 , but as long as your aerials are up ,to catch waves of optimism , there is hope you may die young at 80.
Thank you!
附：
本来还找到了一篇中文译文，但是却不是我十年前看到的那一篇。可惜，现在的译文版本很多，读之无味，至少是找不到十年前的味道了。于是宁可不放别人的译文，删除了中文的部分。
时隔十年，再次与这篇文章相遇。这是这次相遇是我特地安排的，我从网上搜到了它，然后又一次贴在自己blog上。
正文开始：
Youth （Samuel Ullman）
Youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind ; it is not rosy cheeks , red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the emotions : it is the freshness ; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life .
Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 . Nobody grows old merely by a number of years . We grow old by deserting our ideals.
Years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul . Worry , fear , self ?distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust .
Whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being ‘s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living . In the center of your heart and my heart there’s a wireless station : so long as it receives messages of beauty , hope ,cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young .
When the aerials are down , and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old ,even at 20 , but as long as your aerials are up ,to catch waves of optimism , there is hope you may die young at 80.
Thank you!
附：
本来还找到了一篇中文译文，但是却不是我十年前看到的那一篇。可惜，现在的译文版本很多，读之无味，至少是找不到十年前的味道了。于是宁可不放别人的译文，删除了中文的部分。
1.此刻打盹，你将做梦；而此刻学习，你将圆梦。
2.我荒废的今日，正是昨日殒身之人祈求的明日。
3.觉得为时已晚的时候，恰恰是最早的时候。
4.勿将今日之事拖到明日。
5.学习时的苦痛是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生的。
6.学习这件事，不是缺乏时间，而是缺乏努力。
7.幸福或许不排名次，但成功必排名次。
8.学习并不是人生的全部。但，既然连人生的一部分——学习也无法征服，还能做什么呢？
9.请享受无法回避的痛苦。
10.只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。
2.我荒废的今日，正是昨日殒身之人祈求的明日。
3.觉得为时已晚的时候，恰恰是最早的时候。
4.勿将今日之事拖到明日。
5.学习时的苦痛是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生的。
6.学习这件事，不是缺乏时间，而是缺乏努力。
7.幸福或许不排名次，但成功必排名次。
8.学习并不是人生的全部。但，既然连人生的一部分——学习也无法征服，还能做什么呢？
9.请享受无法回避的痛苦。
10.只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。
Citing Sources on the Internet
A Short Guide to Bibliographic Referencing of Web Source Materials
We've received a number of requests from people and students wanting to know how to cite California Energy Commission documents or web pages in their bibliographies.
Please cite the author if listed on the web page, or if no specific author is given, please use California Energy Commission as the author. Use the standards explained below.
We are attempting to make sure that all our Web pages have a date stamp on them so you would know when the document was created or updated.
A Short Guide to Bibliographic Referencing of Web Source Materials
We've received a number of requests from people and students wanting to know how to cite California Energy Commission documents or web pages in their bibliographies.
Please cite the author if listed on the web page, or if no specific author is given, please use California Energy Commission as the author. Use the standards explained below.
We are attempting to make sure that all our Web pages have a date stamp on them so you would know when the document was created or updated.
周四晚：FINC 6013 复习
周五 周六：FINC 6013 & 6001
周日：FINC 6017
周五 周六：FINC 6013 & 6001
周日：FINC 6017
In finance, short selling or "shorting" is the practice of selling securities the seller does not then own, in the hope of repurchasing them later at a lower price. This is done in an attempt to profit from an expected decline in price of a security, such as a stock or a bond, in contrast to the ordinary investment practice, where an investor "goes long," purchasing a security in the hope the price will rise.
The term "short selling" or "being short" is often also used as a blanket term for all those strategies which allow an investor to gain from the decline in price of a security. Those strategies include buying options known as puts. A put option consists of the right to sell an asset at a given price; thus the owner of the option benefits when the market price of the asset falls. Similarly, a short position in a futures contract, or to be short a futures contract, means the holder of the position has the obligation to sell the underlying asset at a later date.
The term "short selling" or "being short" is often also used as a blanket term for all those strategies which allow an investor to gain from the decline in price of a security. Those strategies include buying options known as puts. A put option consists of the right to sell an asset at a given price; thus the owner of the option benefits when the market price of the asset falls. Similarly, a short position in a futures contract, or to be short a futures contract, means the holder of the position has the obligation to sell the underlying asset at a later date.
In finance, a long position in a security, such as a stock or a bond, or equivalently to be long in a security, means the holder of the position owns the security and will profit if the price of the security goes up.
Similarly, a long position in a futures contract or similar derivative, means the holder of the position will profit if the price of the underlying security goes up.
Similarly, a long position in a futures contract or similar derivative, means the holder of the position will profit if the price of the underlying security goes up.
house money effect (HOWS muh.nee.uh.fekt) n. The premise that people are more willing to take risks with money they obtained easily or unexpectedly.
Example Citations:
The Flemings lot are now talking about "regret aversion," investors' inclination to sell their winners and stick by their losers, and the "house money effect," where people are more likely to bet recklessly in casinos with money they have recently won.
—"The Psycho Path," Investment Week, March 17, 2003
—"The Psycho Path," Investment Week, March 17, 2003
Prospect theory is a theory that describes decisions between alternatives that involve risk, i.e. alternatives with uncertain outcomes, where the probabilities are known. The model is descriptive: it tries to model real-life choices, rather than optimal decisions.
这个理论很有趣的一点是：人们对金钱上的收入和损失的心里感受是完全不平均的。当你得到一点点的时候，你满足感会上升的很快，以至于你持续得到很多钱以后，你的满足感反而上升的变慢了；当你失去一点钱的时候，你很痛苦，但是随着你失去的越来越多，你反而不会像以前那么痛苦了。
这个理论很有趣的一点是：人们对金钱上的收入和损失的心里感受是完全不平均的。当你得到一点点的时候，你满足感会上升的很快，以至于你持续得到很多钱以后，你的满足感反而上升的变慢了；当你失去一点钱的时候，你很痛苦，但是随着你失去的越来越多，你反而不会像以前那么痛苦了。
In probability theory, Bayes' theorem (often called Bayes' Law) relates the conditional and marginal probabilities of two random events. It is often used to compute posterior probabilities given observations. For example, a patient may be observed to have certain symptoms. Bayes' theorem can be used to compute the probability that a proposed diagnosis is correct, given that observation. (See example 2)
As a formal theorem, Bayes' theorem is valid in all interpretations of probability. However, it plays a central role in the debate around the foundations of statistics: frequentist and Bayesian interpretations disagree about the ways in which probabilities should be assigned in applications. Frequentists assign probabilities to random events according to their frequencies of occurrence or to subsets of populations as proportions of the whole, while Bayesians describe probabilities in terms of beliefs and degrees of uncertainty. The articles on Bayesian probability and frequentist probability discuss these debates at greater length.
基本上是意译吧，其中还有一点不太懂的。。
1，发散思维，来提高你大脑的思考能力
2，时刻注意细节，所谓每天进步一点点，比一下子改变很多要强
3，多记住有用的信息
4，乐观点想事情，可以变得更聪明
5，加强你的智慧——认为对就去做
6，提高你的智商
7，让大脑不同部分分别锻炼
8，别慌张，保持镇静
9，拥抱混乱的状态（这个我不懂哎。。）
10，让事情能看得到
11，经常正确的练习
12，别着急，慢下来。降低速度，提高理解力。
1，发散思维，来提高你大脑的思考能力
2，时刻注意细节，所谓每天进步一点点，比一下子改变很多要强
3，多记住有用的信息
4，乐观点想事情，可以变得更聪明
5，加强你的智慧——认为对就去做
6，提高你的智商
7，让大脑不同部分分别锻炼
8，别慌张，保持镇静
9，拥抱混乱的状态（这个我不懂哎。。）
10，让事情能看得到
11，经常正确的练习
12，别着急，慢下来。降低速度，提高理解力。
Variance = Standard deviation Squared
In finance, standard deviation is a representation of the risk associated with a given security (stocks, bonds, property, etc.), or the risk of a portfolio of securities. Risk is an important factor in determining how to efficiently manage a portfolio of investments because it determines the variation in returns on the asset and/or portfolio and gives investors a mathematical basis for investment decisions. The overall concept of risk is that as it increases, the expected return on the asset will increase as a result of the risk premium earned – in other words, investors should expect a higher return on an investment when said investment carries a higher level of risk.
For example, you have a choice between two stocks: Stock A historically returns 5% with a standard deviation of 10%, while Stock B returns 6% and carries a standard deviation of 20%. On the basis of risk and return, an investor may decide that Stock A is the better choice, because Stock B's additional percentage point of return generated (an additional 20% in dollar terms) is not worth double the degree of risk associated with Stock A. Stock B is likely to fall short of the initial investment more often than Stock A under the same circumstances, and will return only one percentage point more on average. In this example, Stock A has the potential to earn 10% more than the expected return, but is equally likely to earn 10% less than the expected return.
Calculating the average return (or arithmetic mean) of a security over a given number of periods will generate an expected return on the asset. For each period, subtracting the expected return from the actual return results in the variance. Square the variance in each period to find the effect of the result on the overall risk of the asset. The larger the variance in a period, the greater risk the security carries. Taking the average of the squared variances results in the measurement of overall units of risk associated with the asset. Finding the square root of this variance will result in the standard deviation of the investment tool in question. Use this measurement, combined with the average return on the security, as a basis for comparing securities.
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation
Topic Related:
Variance
Beta
In finance, standard deviation is a representation of the risk associated with a given security (stocks, bonds, property, etc.), or the risk of a portfolio of securities. Risk is an important factor in determining how to efficiently manage a portfolio of investments because it determines the variation in returns on the asset and/or portfolio and gives investors a mathematical basis for investment decisions. The overall concept of risk is that as it increases, the expected return on the asset will increase as a result of the risk premium earned – in other words, investors should expect a higher return on an investment when said investment carries a higher level of risk.
For example, you have a choice between two stocks: Stock A historically returns 5% with a standard deviation of 10%, while Stock B returns 6% and carries a standard deviation of 20%. On the basis of risk and return, an investor may decide that Stock A is the better choice, because Stock B's additional percentage point of return generated (an additional 20% in dollar terms) is not worth double the degree of risk associated with Stock A. Stock B is likely to fall short of the initial investment more often than Stock A under the same circumstances, and will return only one percentage point more on average. In this example, Stock A has the potential to earn 10% more than the expected return, but is equally likely to earn 10% less than the expected return.
Calculating the average return (or arithmetic mean) of a security over a given number of periods will generate an expected return on the asset. For each period, subtracting the expected return from the actual return results in the variance. Square the variance in each period to find the effect of the result on the overall risk of the asset. The larger the variance in a period, the greater risk the security carries. Taking the average of the squared variances results in the measurement of overall units of risk associated with the asset. Finding the square root of this variance will result in the standard deviation of the investment tool in question. Use this measurement, combined with the average return on the security, as a basis for comparing securities.
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation
Topic Related:
Variance
Beta
Variance, Beta and Risk 对我来说，是比较容易混淆的概念，需要熟读的~
In probability theory and statistics, the variance of a random variable, probability distribution, or sample is one measure of statistical dispersion, averaging the squared distance of its possible values from the expected value(mean). Whereas the mean is a way to describe the location of adistribution, the variance is a way to capture its scale or degree ofbeing spread out. The unit of variance is the square of the unit of the original variable. The positive square root of the variance, called the standard deviation, has the same units as the original variable and can be easier to interpret for this reason.The variance of a real-valued random variable is its second central moment, and it also happens to be its second cumulant.Just as some distributions do not have a mean, some do not have avariance as well. The mean exists whenever the variance exists, but notvice versa.
In probability theory and statistics, the variance of a random variable, probability distribution, or sample is one measure of statistical dispersion, averaging the squared distance of its possible values from the expected value(mean). Whereas the mean is a way to describe the location of adistribution, the variance is a way to capture its scale or degree ofbeing spread out. The unit of variance is the square of the unit of the original variable. The positive square root of the variance, called the standard deviation, has the same units as the original variable and can be easier to interpret for this reason.The variance of a real-valued random variable is its second central moment, and it also happens to be its second cumulant.Just as some distributions do not have a mean, some do not have avariance as well. The mean exists whenever the variance exists, but notvice versa.
实在是没有办法的办法，当我自己想给自己一个私人空间的时候，手机总是不分时候的响起来，大部分都是朋友叫出去玩。别人可以玩，但是我没法玩，因为从2月21号到3月28号，我可是又玩了5周。基本上把这一年该玩的时间都给提前支取了。
想学习，只有一个办法，关掉手机、关掉电脑显示器，好好学习吧。虽然不是一个爱学习的人，可是，我不是一个笨蛋，这种关头上，不会再犯去年同样时间同样的错误。
想学习，只有一个办法，关掉手机、关掉电脑显示器，好好学习吧。虽然不是一个爱学习的人，可是，我不是一个笨蛋，这种关头上，不会再犯去年同样时间同样的错误。
The Beta coefficient, in terms of finance and investing, is a measure of volatility of a stock or portfolio in relation to the rest of the financial market.[1]
An asset with a beta of 0 means that its price is not at all correlated with the market; that asset is independent. A positive beta means that the asset generally follows the market. A negative beta shows that the asset inversely follows the market; the asset generally decreases in value if the market goes up.
Correlations are evident between companies within the same industry, or even within the same asset class (such as equities), as was demonstrated in the Wall Street crash of 1929. This correlated risk, measured by Beta, creates almost all of the risk in a diversified portfolio.
The beta coefficient is a key parameter in the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). It measures the part of the asset's statistical variance that cannot be mitigated by the diversification provided by the portfolio of many risky assets, because it is correlated with the return of the other assets that are in the portfolio. Beta is calculated for individual companies using regression analysis.
工作让你慢慢透不过气来吗？待办事项，计划和突发的琐事不停地积累已经把你包围？遇到这种情况时，你的最佳策略就是先走一步，超前工作。完成今天所有的任务甚至更多，你才能有呼吸的空间。
你会怎么做呢？当我面对这个问题，我的答案是，来一次“任务猎杀日\" —— 这一天会是我效率最高的一天。我将预留大量的时间来完成待办事项上的任务并且超前工作。我发现，如果你计划得当，你可以让明天的效率比平常高出三倍！
怎样设定“任务猎杀日”呢？
你会怎么做呢？当我面对这个问题，我的答案是，来一次“任务猎杀日\" —— 这一天会是我效率最高的一天。我将预留大量的时间来完成待办事项上的任务并且超前工作。我发现，如果你计划得当，你可以让明天的效率比平常高出三倍！
怎样设定“任务猎杀日”呢？
想当年在学校里头，一起学国际关系来着。
不过他后来考上了北大和英国伦敦政治经济学院的双硕士了。而我只是一个硕士，在悉尼大学。
然后他又考上剑桥了。
我还在读着这个硕士，尚未毕业。
祝贺大个~~李晨~~
哎。。。伤感。
不过他后来考上了北大和英国伦敦政治经济学院的双硕士了。而我只是一个硕士，在悉尼大学。
然后他又考上剑桥了。
我还在读着这个硕士，尚未毕业。
祝贺大个~~李晨~~
哎。。。伤感。
我现在是什么样的人？我希望成为什么样的人？
你的哪些习惯在阻碍你进步？你注意过它们吗？在实现了第五章中提到的“转变”之后，我们培养好习惯和构建富有成效的日常行为规律的第一个步骤便是自我评估。首先，你必
须确切知道你希望培养的好习惯，以及你亟需改掉的坏习惯究竟是什么。这一阶段的工作势必涉及到你的同事以及亲人，他们将帮助你找出那些你甚至尚未意识到的坏习惯。这看起来似乎只是常识，不言而喻，但是，这一阶段却至关重要，值得我们深入探讨。
最亟需改变的习惯总是别人的习惯。
“Nothing so needs reforming as other people’s habits.”
——马克?吐温
自知之明是自我改善的开始。
“Self-knowledge is the beginning of self-improvement.”
——西班牙谚语
许多阻碍我们成功的习惯是显而易见的。但是，也有一些坏习惯很难发现。通常，我们甚至觉察不到它们的存在。正如大法官奥利弗?王德尔?霍尔姆斯（Oliver Wendell Holmes）指出的那样：“我们以为有些事显而易见，其实我们对这些事十分无知。”下面的小故事将进一步阐述以上观点。
大象与木桩
小时候，我们那个印第安纳州西南端的小镇，迎来了一支马戏团。人们成群结队地来观看马戏团撑帐篷。我和哥哥简直被大象不可思议的力量迷住了，大象竟然可以毫不费劲地抬起巨大的帐篷柱子，还可以撑起巨大的帆布！
那天晚上，我们坐在巨大的帐篷底下观看演出。哥哥和我注意到，大象被安静地栓在一根小小的木桩上。“爸爸，大象为什么不把那么小的木桩连根拔起，然后伺机逃跑呢？”哥哥好奇地问爸爸。爸爸似乎也有点儿吃惊，随即便找训象员询问。
训象员解释道，当大象还很小、力气也不大的时候，它便被一根粗锁链栓到了一根牢牢固定的铁柱子上。每天，小象都会拼命地试图挣脱锁链逃跑，但是，它的每次尝试均以失败而告终。最后，小象得出结论，无论自己如何努力，锁链都牢不可破，铁柱也会毫不动摇。于是，小象放弃了努力，从此不再尝试。日复一日，这一习惯逐步巩固，直到小象长成大象，它仍然习惯性地坚信自己永远不可能挪动那根栓住它的桩子，无论桩子是否真正结实和牢固。
人们也可能被“训练”，或者用心理学家的话来说，象大象那样“条件反射”地受到某种定性的思维、行动以及结果的禁锢。这时候，他们往往不自觉地陷入了自己强加于自己的某种陷阱之中。
我们通常都能够随口说出几个阻碍自己进步的坏习惯，以及一些有助于自己发挥潜能的好习惯。不过，我们也往往不能完全列出所有相关的习惯，因此，总有一些我们察觉不到的习惯在阻碍我们的进步。说到这里，我们不得不提到“自知之明”了。
我们以为别人如何看待自己和别人真的如何看待自己之间，有一个“交集”，那就是自知之明。越有自知之明，就越能够正确把握他人对自己的看法。
事实上，我们对自己的看法和别人眼中对我们的看法有可能截然不同。钱伯斯（Oswald Chambers）把这种缺陷视为一种有害的、普遍存在的骄傲和自负：“我们对自己的认知是如此惊人的无知……我们必须放弃自以为了解自己的这个念头，这将是人们最不现实的幻想。”
哎，莎莉
我们来看一看莎莉（Sally）。莎莉在一家大型药品公司担任高级销售经理。在她看来，自己无疑高度胜任、富有远见、善于沟通，下属必定十分乐于向自己求助。然而，事实却是，莎莉的下属们害怕向她征询意见和寻求帮助。在下属眼里，莎莉沟通乏力，为保证任务的“正确”进行，不断地插手下属的工作。私下里，他们常常抱怨莎莉不肯放权，对员工授权不够，并给莎莉取了个绰号叫做“控制狂”。此外，员工们更不满的是，他们自己从来不曾得到来自上级的正面的评价，即便是业绩出色，“我们从来不知道自己究竟做得好不好。”可以看出，别人眼中的莎莉，和莎莉的自我评价竟是如此的不同。
并不一定说莎莉不在乎别人的看法，但是，她错误地以为，自己正确地解读了这方面的信息。而且，莎莉坚信，即便别人对她有看法，也一定会告诉她。
大家对莎莉确实有意见，但是，莎莉可能永远不能从下属口中得到这些，她也不可能知道下属对自己的真实看法，直到公司组织的一次匿名调查后。
这次名为“360度调查”的活动，让莎莉突然发现，原来自己的领导效果如此之差！匿名调查是在共同工作的同事间展开的，这使得员工们能够准确地了解他人对自己的看法，并从中发现自己的优缺点。莎莉知道了多个有碍自己进步的坏习惯之后，开始着手改变自己。意识到坏习惯的存在，是我们改掉坏习惯的第一步骤。
匿名调查问卷有很多种。其中，“360度调查”被许多公司采用，因为，这有助于员工发现那些有碍自己发挥最大潜能，但自身无法意识到的负面行为（坏习惯）。
如果你在一家公司工作，不妨看一看有没有类似的活动在开展。如果没有，那么，你也可以利用一系列的自我调查问卷来找出那些阻碍你进步的不良行为。比如，著名的赫曼博士的潜能开发和全脑优势系统（Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile），DiSC评价系统，以及梅耶－布雷格斯（Meyers Briggs）性格测验等等，都是很好的自我调查问卷。了解自己的途径其实很多，包括向同事和亲人虚心地请教等等。我们收到的关于他人如何看待自己的信息，或许和事实情况有所偏差，但是，不管怎样，当我们下决心去做这项必要的调查时，我们就已经走出了完善自知之明的第一步。
你的哪些习惯在阻碍你进步？你注意过它们吗？在实现了第五章中提到的“转变”之后，我们培养好习惯和构建富有成效的日常行为规律的第一个步骤便是自我评估。首先，你必
须确切知道你希望培养的好习惯，以及你亟需改掉的坏习惯究竟是什么。这一阶段的工作势必涉及到你的同事以及亲人，他们将帮助你找出那些你甚至尚未意识到的坏习惯。这看起来似乎只是常识，不言而喻，但是，这一阶段却至关重要，值得我们深入探讨。
最亟需改变的习惯总是别人的习惯。
“Nothing so needs reforming as other people’s habits.”
——马克?吐温
自知之明是自我改善的开始。
“Self-knowledge is the beginning of self-improvement.”
——西班牙谚语
许多阻碍我们成功的习惯是显而易见的。但是，也有一些坏习惯很难发现。通常，我们甚至觉察不到它们的存在。正如大法官奥利弗?王德尔?霍尔姆斯（Oliver Wendell Holmes）指出的那样：“我们以为有些事显而易见，其实我们对这些事十分无知。”下面的小故事将进一步阐述以上观点。
大象与木桩
小时候，我们那个印第安纳州西南端的小镇，迎来了一支马戏团。人们成群结队地来观看马戏团撑帐篷。我和哥哥简直被大象不可思议的力量迷住了，大象竟然可以毫不费劲地抬起巨大的帐篷柱子，还可以撑起巨大的帆布！
那天晚上，我们坐在巨大的帐篷底下观看演出。哥哥和我注意到，大象被安静地栓在一根小小的木桩上。“爸爸，大象为什么不把那么小的木桩连根拔起，然后伺机逃跑呢？”哥哥好奇地问爸爸。爸爸似乎也有点儿吃惊，随即便找训象员询问。
训象员解释道，当大象还很小、力气也不大的时候，它便被一根粗锁链栓到了一根牢牢固定的铁柱子上。每天，小象都会拼命地试图挣脱锁链逃跑，但是，它的每次尝试均以失败而告终。最后，小象得出结论，无论自己如何努力，锁链都牢不可破，铁柱也会毫不动摇。于是，小象放弃了努力，从此不再尝试。日复一日，这一习惯逐步巩固，直到小象长成大象，它仍然习惯性地坚信自己永远不可能挪动那根栓住它的桩子，无论桩子是否真正结实和牢固。
人们也可能被“训练”，或者用心理学家的话来说，象大象那样“条件反射”地受到某种定性的思维、行动以及结果的禁锢。这时候，他们往往不自觉地陷入了自己强加于自己的某种陷阱之中。
我们通常都能够随口说出几个阻碍自己进步的坏习惯，以及一些有助于自己发挥潜能的好习惯。不过，我们也往往不能完全列出所有相关的习惯，因此，总有一些我们察觉不到的习惯在阻碍我们的进步。说到这里，我们不得不提到“自知之明”了。
我们以为别人如何看待自己和别人真的如何看待自己之间，有一个“交集”，那就是自知之明。越有自知之明，就越能够正确把握他人对自己的看法。
事实上，我们对自己的看法和别人眼中对我们的看法有可能截然不同。钱伯斯（Oswald Chambers）把这种缺陷视为一种有害的、普遍存在的骄傲和自负：“我们对自己的认知是如此惊人的无知……我们必须放弃自以为了解自己的这个念头，这将是人们最不现实的幻想。”
哎，莎莉
我们来看一看莎莉（Sally）。莎莉在一家大型药品公司担任高级销售经理。在她看来，自己无疑高度胜任、富有远见、善于沟通，下属必定十分乐于向自己求助。然而，事实却是，莎莉的下属们害怕向她征询意见和寻求帮助。在下属眼里，莎莉沟通乏力，为保证任务的“正确”进行，不断地插手下属的工作。私下里，他们常常抱怨莎莉不肯放权，对员工授权不够，并给莎莉取了个绰号叫做“控制狂”。此外，员工们更不满的是，他们自己从来不曾得到来自上级的正面的评价，即便是业绩出色，“我们从来不知道自己究竟做得好不好。”可以看出，别人眼中的莎莉，和莎莉的自我评价竟是如此的不同。
并不一定说莎莉不在乎别人的看法，但是，她错误地以为，自己正确地解读了这方面的信息。而且，莎莉坚信，即便别人对她有看法，也一定会告诉她。
大家对莎莉确实有意见，但是，莎莉可能永远不能从下属口中得到这些，她也不可能知道下属对自己的真实看法，直到公司组织的一次匿名调查后。
这次名为“360度调查”的活动，让莎莉突然发现，原来自己的领导效果如此之差！匿名调查是在共同工作的同事间展开的，这使得员工们能够准确地了解他人对自己的看法，并从中发现自己的优缺点。莎莉知道了多个有碍自己进步的坏习惯之后，开始着手改变自己。意识到坏习惯的存在，是我们改掉坏习惯的第一步骤。
匿名调查问卷有很多种。其中，“360度调查”被许多公司采用，因为，这有助于员工发现那些有碍自己发挥最大潜能，但自身无法意识到的负面行为（坏习惯）。
如果你在一家公司工作，不妨看一看有没有类似的活动在开展。如果没有，那么，你也可以利用一系列的自我调查问卷来找出那些阻碍你进步的不良行为。比如，著名的赫曼博士的潜能开发和全脑优势系统（Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile），DiSC评价系统，以及梅耶－布雷格斯（Meyers Briggs）性格测验等等，都是很好的自我调查问卷。了解自己的途径其实很多，包括向同事和亲人虚心地请教等等。我们收到的关于他人如何看待自己的信息，或许和事实情况有所偏差，但是，不管怎样，当我们下决心去做这项必要的调查时，我们就已经走出了完善自知之明的第一步。
由于平时工作和学习需要，我的电脑几乎是全天候开机——除了睡觉的时候。所以一个好用的日程安排软件，很多时候能够起到提醒的作用。毕竟人脑不如电脑可靠，有时候会突然忘记一件非常重要的事情。自从这周二疯狂补写MKTG这门课的作业之后，我开始考虑是否要提高管理自己日程的效率了。写在纸上是不错，但是有时候还是会忘记去看计划表。
我使用的是windows vista英文版，当时购买DELL机时候赠送的home版本，上面有几套windows的增值软件包，其中一套就是windows works系列，有日历、项目、笔记等等不同的软件。我发现works系列的calendar日历功能有一个非常好的提醒作用：不管你在干嘛，它总会在预定的提醒时间甭出来提醒你，说改干嘛干嘛了，非常实用。而且还没有太多的冗余作用——我对现在很多软件的超级复杂的作用已经完全失望了。我喜欢简单实用的软件，不喜欢附带着长长的说明书，而且80%以上的功能都基本用不到的软件。
这个软件可以根据你的设定而改变界面：按照每天查看计划、按照每周查看计划、按照每月查看计划等等。如图：
提醒功能可以设定为提前15分钟提醒、提前半小时、提前1小时、1天、1周等。并且在你关闭了这个软件之后，它仍然会在设定的时间跳出来提醒——这个非常好，不用每天开机后想着先开开它了。呵呵
我使用的是windows vista英文版，当时购买DELL机时候赠送的home版本，上面有几套windows的增值软件包，其中一套就是windows works系列，有日历、项目、笔记等等不同的软件。我发现works系列的calendar日历功能有一个非常好的提醒作用：不管你在干嘛，它总会在预定的提醒时间甭出来提醒你，说改干嘛干嘛了，非常实用。而且还没有太多的冗余作用——我对现在很多软件的超级复杂的作用已经完全失望了。我喜欢简单实用的软件，不喜欢附带着长长的说明书，而且80%以上的功能都基本用不到的软件。
这个软件可以根据你的设定而改变界面：按照每天查看计划、按照每周查看计划、按照每月查看计划等等。如图：
提醒功能可以设定为提前15分钟提醒、提前半小时、提前1小时、1天、1周等。并且在你关闭了这个软件之后，它仍然会在设定的时间跳出来提醒——这个非常好，不用每天开机后想着先开开它了。呵呵
英文适用
Your report should be with 1.5 line spacing and size 12 Times New Roman Font.
The following is an extract from the Journal of Finance submission guidelines. This the method to be
used in referencing material for your major assignment.
References must be typed on a separate page, double-spaced, at the end of the paper. References
to publications in the text should appear as follows: "Jensen and Meckling (1976) report that..." or
"(Jenson and Meckling (1976))." At the end of the manuscript (before tables and figures), the
complete list of references should be as follows:
For monographs:
Fama, Eugene F., and Merton H. Miller, 1972. The Theory of Finance (Dryden Press, Hinsdale, Ill.).
For contributions to collective works:
Grossman, Sanford J., and Oliver D. Hart, 1982, Corporate financial structure and managerial
incentives, in John J. McCall, ed.: The Economics of Information and Uncertainty (University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.).
For periodicals:
Jensen, Michael C., and William H. Meckling, 1976, Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency
costs and ownership structure, Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360
(http://www.afajof.org/journal/submission.asp)
Your report should be with 1.5 line spacing and size 12 Times New Roman Font.
The following is an extract from the Journal of Finance submission guidelines. This the method to be
used in referencing material for your major assignment.
References must be typed on a separate page, double-spaced, at the end of the paper. References
to publications in the text should appear as follows: "Jensen and Meckling (1976) report that..." or
"(Jenson and Meckling (1976))." At the end of the manuscript (before tables and figures), the
complete list of references should be as follows:
For monographs:
Fama, Eugene F., and Merton H. Miller, 1972. The Theory of Finance (Dryden Press, Hinsdale, Ill.).
For contributions to collective works:
Grossman, Sanford J., and Oliver D. Hart, 1982, Corporate financial structure and managerial
incentives, in John J. McCall, ed.: The Economics of Information and Uncertainty (University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.).
For periodicals:
Jensen, Michael C., and William H. Meckling, 1976, Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency
costs and ownership structure, Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360
(http://www.afajof.org/journal/submission.asp)
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